Rick Hanson PhD
Feb 23, 2012
Seven steps to taking control of your attention
Moment
to moment, the flows of thoughts and feelings, sensations and desires,
and conscious and unconscious processes sculpt your nervous system like
water gradually carving furrows and eventually gullies on a hillside.
Your brain is continually changing its structure. The only question is:
Is it for better or worse?
In particular, because of what’s called “experience-dependent
neuroplasticity,” whatever you hold in attention has a special power to
change your brain. Attention is like a combination spotlight and vacuum
cleaner: it illuminates what it rests upon and then sucks it into your
brain – and your self.
Therefore, controlling your attention – becoming more able to place
it where you want it and keep it there, and more able to pull it away
from what’s bothersome or pointless (such as looping again and again
through anxious preoccupations, mental grumbling, or self-criticism) –
is the foundation of changing your brain, and thus your life, for the
better. As the great psychologist, William James, wrote over a century
ago: “The education of attention would be the education par excellence.”
But to gain better control of attention – to become more mindful and
more able to concentrate – we need to overcome a few challenges. In
order to survive, our ancestors evolved to be stimulation-hungry and
easily distracted, continually scanning their interior and their
environment for opportunities and threats, carrots and sticks. There is
also a natural range of temperament, from focused and cautious “turtles”
to distractible and adventuresome “jackrabbits.” Upsetting experiences –
especially traumatic ones – train the brain to be vigilant, with
attention skittering from one thing to another. And modern culture makes
us accustomed to an intense incoming fire hose of stimuli, so anything
less – like the sensations of simply breathing – can feel unrewarding,
boring, or frustrating.
To overcome these challenges, it’s useful to cultivate some neural
factors of attention – in effect, getting your brain on your side to
help you get a better grip on this spotlight/vacuum cleaner.
But how can we train our attention?
You can use one or more of the seven factors below at the start of
any deliberate focusing of attention – from keeping your head in a dull
business meeting to contemplative practices such as meditation or prayer
– and then let them move to the background as you shift into whatever
the activity is. You can also draw upon one or more during the activity
if your attention is flagging. They are listed in an order that makes
sense to me, but you can vary the sequence. (There’s more information
about attention, mindfulness, concentration, and contemplative
absorption inBuddha’s Brain.)
Here we go.
1. Set the intention to sustain your attention, to be mindful. You
can do this both top-down, by giving yourself a gentle instruction to be
attentive, and bottom-up, by opening to the sense in your body of what
mindfulness feels like.
2. Relax. For example, take several exhalations that are twice as
long as your inhalations. This stimulates the calming, centering
parasympathetic nervous system and settles down the fight-or-flight
stress-response sympathetic nervous system that jiggles the spotlight of
attention this way and that, looking for carrots and sticks.
3. Without straining at it, think of things that help you feel cared
about – that you matter to someone, that you belong in a relationship
or group, that you are seen and appreciated, or even cherished and
loved. It’s OK if the relationship isn’t perfect, or that you bring to
mind people from the past, or pets, or spiritual beings. You could also
get a sense of your own goodwill for others, your own compassion,
kindness, and love. Warming up the heart in this way helps you feel
protected, and it brings a rewarding juiciness to the moment – which
support #4 and #5 below.
4. Think of things that help you feel safer, and thus more able to
rest attention on your activities, rather than vigilantly scanning.
Notice that you are likely in a relatively safe setting, with resources
inside you to cope with whatever life brings. Let go of any unreasonable
anxiety, any unnecessary guarding or bracing.
5. Gently encourage some positive feelings, even mild or subtle
ones. For example, think of something you feel glad about or grateful
for; go-to’s for me include my kids, Yosemite, and just being alive.
Open as you can to an underlying sense of well-being that may
nonetheless contain some struggles or pain. The sense of pleasure or
reward in positive emotions increases the neurotransmitter, dopamine,
which closes a kind of gate in the neural substrates of working memory,
thus keeping out any “barbarians,” any invasive distractions.
6. Get a sense of the body as a whole, its many sensations appearing
together each moment in the boundless space of awareness. This sense of
things as a unified gestalt, perceived within a large and panoramic
perspective, activates networks on the sides of the brain (especially
the right – for right-handed people) that support sustained mindfulness.
And it de-activates the networks along the midline of the brain that we
use when we’re lost in thought.
7. For 10-20-30 seconds in a row, stay with whatever positive
experiences you’re having or lessons you’re learning. Since “neurons
that fire together, wire together,” this savoring and registering helps
weave the fruits of your attentive efforts into the fabric of your brain
and your self.